"φάρμακον" meaning in Ancient Greek

See φάρμακον in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /pʰár.ma.kon/, /ˈɸar.ma.kon/, /ˈfar.ma.kon/, /pʰár.ma.kon/ (note: 5ᵗʰ BCE Attic), /ˈpʰar.ma.kon/ (note: 1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian), /ˈɸar.ma.kon/ (note: 4ᵗʰ CE Koine), /ˈfar.ma.kon/ (note: 10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine), /ˈfar.ma.kon/ (note: 15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan)
Etymology: Unclear etymology, but most likely derived from Proto-Hellenic *pʰármakon. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀔𐀒 (pa-ma-ko /⁠pʰármakon⁠/). Based on α/ο and μ/β variations found in the likely-related φόρβαντα (phórbanta, “doctor's medicine”), as well as the rather strange structure of the word, R. S. P. Beekes proposes Pre-Greek origin. Foreign origin is also supported by Chantraine, Furnee, and Schwyzer. An older theory by Pokorny (1959) connects the word to the Greek root φαρ-, supposedly also found in φάρος (pháros, “plough”) and φάρυγξ (phárunx, “throat”), from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to cut, pierce, scrape”), i.e. a medicinal herb or root as something cut off or dug up, and compares Proto-Germanic *burōną (“to drill”) (which he takes as the result of a conflation with *bazją (“berry”)) and Latin feriō (“hit, cut, slay, strike”). Compare also Latvian burt (“to carve (marks, on a tree), to conjure magic”). Etymology templates: {{unk|grc|title=Unclear}} Unclear, {{inh|grc|grk-pro|*pʰármakon}} Proto-Hellenic *pʰármakon, {{cog|gmy|𐀞𐀔𐀒|ts=pʰármakon}} Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀔𐀒 (pa-ma-ko /⁠pʰármakon⁠/), {{bor|grc|qsb-grc}} Pre-Greek, {{lang|grc|φαρ-}} φαρ-, {{inh|grc|ine-pro|*bʰerH-|t=to cut, pierce, scrape}} Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to cut, pierce, scrape”), {{cog|gem-pro|*burōną|t=to drill}} Proto-Germanic *burōną (“to drill”), {{cog|la|feriō|t=hit, cut, slay, strike}} Latin feriō (“hit, cut, slay, strike”), {{cog|lv|burt|t=to carve (marks, on a tree), to conjure magic}} Latvian burt (“to carve (marks, on a tree), to conjure magic”) Head templates: {{grc-noun|φαρμᾰ́κου|n|second|head=φάρμᾰκον}} φάρμᾰκον • (phármakon) n (genitive φαρμᾰ́κου); second declension Inflection templates: {{grc-decl|φάρμᾰκον|ου}} Forms: φάρμᾰκον [canonical], phármakon [romanization], φαρμᾰ́κου [genitive], Attic declension-2 [table-tags], τὸ φάρμᾰκον [nominative, singular], τὼ φαρμᾰ́κω [dual, nominative], τᾰ̀ φάρμᾰκᾰ [nominative, plural], τοῦ φαρμᾰ́κου [genitive, singular], τοῖν φαρμᾰ́κοιν [dual, genitive], τῶν φαρμᾰ́κων [genitive, plural], τῷ φαρμᾰ́κῳ [dative, singular], τοῖν φαρμᾰ́κοιν [dative, dual], τοῖς φαρμᾰ́κοις [dative, plural], τὸ φάρμᾰκον [accusative, singular], τὼ φαρμᾰ́κω [accusative, dual], τᾰ̀ φάρμᾰκᾰ [accusative, plural], φάρμᾰκον [singular, vocative], φαρμᾰ́κω [dual, vocative], φάρμᾰκᾰ [plural, vocative]
  1. A drug, whether healing or noxious
    Sense id: en-φάρμακον-grc-noun-v6RcKJ1t Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 11 24 30 21 14 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 16 22 27 13 22 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 19 19 21 18 23
  2. A healing drug, medicine, remedy Categories (topical): Drugs
    Sense id: en-φάρμακον-grc-noun-PyRNQGXV Disambiguation of Drugs: 13 43 22 13 10 Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 11 24 30 21 14 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 16 22 27 13 22 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 19 19 21 18 23
  3. A potion, charm, spell
    Sense id: en-φάρμακον-grc-noun-BB26WSRx Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header, Ancient Greek neuter nouns in the second declension, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 11 24 30 21 14 Disambiguation of Ancient Greek neuter nouns in the second declension: 11 24 32 20 14 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 16 22 27 13 22 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 19 19 21 18 23
  4. A deadly drug, poison
    Sense id: en-φάρμακον-grc-noun-Iyv-qzF0 Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 11 24 30 21 14 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 16 22 27 13 22 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 19 19 21 18 23
  5. A dye, color
    Sense id: en-φάρμακον-grc-noun-a5P8mQBT Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 11 24 30 21 14 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 16 22 27 13 22 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 19 19 21 18 23
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: φαρμακάω (pharmakáō), φαρμακεία (pharmakeía), φαρμακεύς (pharmakeús), φαρμακευτικός (pharmakeutikós), φαρμακεύω (pharmakeúō), φαρμάκιον (pharmákion), φαρμακίς (pharmakís), φαρμακοθήκη (pharmakothḗkē), φαρμακοποσία (pharmakoposía), φαρμακοπώλης (pharmakopṓlēs), φαρμακός (pharmakós), φαρμακοτρίβης (pharmakotríbēs), φαρμακοφόρος (pharmakophóros), φαρμακόω (pharmakóō), φαρμακώδης (pharmakṓdēs), φάρμαξις (phármaxis), φαρμάσσω (pharmássō), τετραφάρμακον (tetraphármakon)
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakáō",
      "word": "φαρμακάω"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakeía",
      "word": "φαρμακεία"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakeús",
      "word": "φαρμακεύς"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakeutikós",
      "word": "φαρμακευτικός"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakeúō",
      "word": "φαρμακεύω"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmákion",
      "word": "φαρμάκιον"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakís",
      "word": "φαρμακίς"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakothḗkē",
      "word": "φαρμακοθήκη"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakoposía",
      "word": "φαρμακοποσία"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakopṓlēs",
      "word": "φαρμακοπώλης"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakós",
      "word": "φαρμακός"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakotríbēs",
      "word": "φαρμακοτρίβης"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakophóros",
      "word": "φαρμακοφόρος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakóō",
      "word": "φαρμακόω"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmakṓdēs",
      "word": "φαρμακώδης"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "phármaxis",
      "word": "φάρμαξις"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "pharmássō",
      "word": "φαρμάσσω"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "tetraphármakon",
      "word": "τετραφάρμακον"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "el",
            "2": "φάρμακο"
          },
          "expansion": "Greek: φάρμακο (fármako)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Greek: φάρμακο (fármako)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "la",
            "2": "pharmacum",
            "bor": "yes"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Latin: pharmacum",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Latin: pharmacum"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "title": "Unclear"
      },
      "expansion": "Unclear",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "grk-pro",
        "3": "*pʰármakon"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *pʰármakon",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmy",
        "2": "𐀞𐀔𐀒",
        "ts": "pʰármakon"
      },
      "expansion": "Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀔𐀒 (pa-ma-ko /⁠pʰármakon⁠/)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "qsb-grc"
      },
      "expansion": "Pre-Greek",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "φαρ-"
      },
      "expansion": "φαρ-",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰerH-",
        "t": "to cut, pierce, scrape"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to cut, pierce, scrape”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*burōną",
        "t": "to drill"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *burōną (“to drill”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "feriō",
        "t": "hit, cut, slay, strike"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin feriō (“hit, cut, slay, strike”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "burt",
        "t": "to carve (marks, on a tree), to conjure magic"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian burt (“to carve (marks, on a tree), to conjure magic”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Unclear etymology, but most likely derived from Proto-Hellenic *pʰármakon. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀔𐀒 (pa-ma-ko /⁠pʰármakon⁠/).\nBased on α/ο and μ/β variations found in the likely-related φόρβαντα (phórbanta, “doctor's medicine”), as well as the rather strange structure of the word, R. S. P. Beekes proposes Pre-Greek origin. Foreign origin is also supported by Chantraine, Furnee, and Schwyzer.\nAn older theory by Pokorny (1959) connects the word to the Greek root φαρ-, supposedly also found in φάρος (pháros, “plough”) and φάρυγξ (phárunx, “throat”), from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to cut, pierce, scrape”), i.e. a medicinal herb or root as something cut off or dug up, and compares Proto-Germanic *burōną (“to drill”) (which he takes as the result of a conflation with *bazją (“berry”)) and Latin feriō (“hit, cut, slay, strike”). Compare also Latvian burt (“to carve (marks, on a tree), to conjure magic”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "φάρμᾰκον",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "phármakon",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "φαρμᾰ́κου",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Attic declension-2",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "grc-decl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Second declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὸ φάρμᾰκον",
      "roman": "tò phármakon",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ φαρμᾰ́κω",
      "roman": "tṑ pharmákō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τᾰ̀ φάρμᾰκᾰ",
      "roman": "tà phármaka",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῦ φαρμᾰ́κου",
      "roman": "toû pharmákou",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν φαρμᾰ́κοιν",
      "roman": "toîn pharmákoin",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῶν φαρμᾰ́κων",
      "roman": "tôn pharmákōn",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῷ φαρμᾰ́κῳ",
      "roman": "tôi pharmákōi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν φαρμᾰ́κοιν",
      "roman": "toîn pharmákoin",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖς φαρμᾰ́κοις",
      "roman": "toîs pharmákois",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὸ φάρμᾰκον",
      "roman": "tò phármakon",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ φαρμᾰ́κω",
      "roman": "tṑ pharmákō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τᾰ̀ φάρμᾰκᾰ",
      "roman": "tà phármaka",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "φάρμᾰκον",
      "roman": "phármakon",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "φαρμᾰ́κω",
      "roman": "pharmákō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "φάρμᾰκᾰ",
      "roman": "phármaka",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "φαρμᾰ́κου",
        "2": "n",
        "3": "second",
        "head": "φάρμᾰκον"
      },
      "expansion": "φάρμᾰκον • (phármakon) n (genitive φαρμᾰ́κου); second declension",
      "name": "grc-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "φάρμᾰκον",
        "2": "ου"
      },
      "name": "grc-decl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Ancient Greek",
  "lang_code": "grc",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "11 24 30 21 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "16 22 27 13 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 19 21 18 23",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A drug, whether healing or noxious"
      ],
      "id": "en-φάρμακον-grc-noun-v6RcKJ1t",
      "links": [
        [
          "drug",
          "drug"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "11 24 30 21 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "16 22 27 13 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 19 21 18 23",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "13 43 22 13 10",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "grc",
          "name": "Drugs",
          "orig": "grc:Drugs",
          "parents": [
            "Matter",
            "Pharmacology",
            "Chemistry",
            "Nature",
            "Biochemistry",
            "Medicine",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Biology",
            "Healthcare",
            "Fundamental",
            "Health",
            "Body"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "but for the soul's illnesses and sufferings, the only remedy is philosophy. (@perseus.tuftus.edu)",
          "ref": "46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia",
          "roman": "tôn dè tês psukhês arrhōstēmátōn kaì pathôn hē philosophía mónē phármakón esti.",
          "text": "τῶν δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρρωστημάτων καὶ παθῶν ἡ φιλοσοφία μόνη φάρμακόν ἐστι."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A healing drug, medicine, remedy"
      ],
      "id": "en-φάρμακον-grc-noun-PyRNQGXV"
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "11 24 30 21 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "11 24 32 20 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek neuter nouns in the second declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "16 22 27 13 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 19 21 18 23",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A potion, charm, spell"
      ],
      "id": "en-φάρμακον-grc-noun-BB26WSRx"
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "11 24 30 21 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "16 22 27 13 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 19 21 18 23",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A deadly drug, poison"
      ],
      "id": "en-φάρμακον-grc-noun-Iyv-qzF0"
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "11 24 30 21 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "16 22 27 13 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 19 21 18 23",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A dye, color"
      ],
      "id": "en-φάρμακον-grc-noun-a5P8mQBT"
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/pʰár.ma.kon/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɸar.ma.kon/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfar.ma.kon/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pʰár.ma.kon/",
      "note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈpʰar.ma.kon/",
      "note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɸar.ma.kon/",
      "note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfar.ma.kon/",
      "note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfar.ma.kon/",
      "note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "φάρμακον"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Ancient Greek 3-syllable words",
    "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
    "Ancient Greek lemmas",
    "Ancient Greek neuter nouns",
    "Ancient Greek neuter nouns in the second declension",
    "Ancient Greek nouns",
    "Ancient Greek proparoxytone terms",
    "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns",
    "Ancient Greek terms borrowed from a Pre-Greek substrate",
    "Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
    "Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Ancient Greek terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate",
    "Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic",
    "Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Ancient Greek terms with unknown etymologies",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "grc:Drugs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "pharmakáō",
      "word": "φαρμακάω"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakeía",
      "word": "φαρμακεία"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakeús",
      "word": "φαρμακεύς"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakeutikós",
      "word": "φαρμακευτικός"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakeúō",
      "word": "φαρμακεύω"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmákion",
      "word": "φαρμάκιον"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakís",
      "word": "φαρμακίς"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakothḗkē",
      "word": "φαρμακοθήκη"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakoposía",
      "word": "φαρμακοποσία"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakopṓlēs",
      "word": "φαρμακοπώλης"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakós",
      "word": "φαρμακός"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakotríbēs",
      "word": "φαρμακοτρίβης"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakophóros",
      "word": "φαρμακοφόρος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakóō",
      "word": "φαρμακόω"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmakṓdēs",
      "word": "φαρμακώδης"
    },
    {
      "roman": "phármaxis",
      "word": "φάρμαξις"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pharmássō",
      "word": "φαρμάσσω"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tetraphármakon",
      "word": "τετραφάρμακον"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "el",
            "2": "φάρμακο"
          },
          "expansion": "Greek: φάρμακο (fármako)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Greek: φάρμακο (fármako)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "la",
            "2": "pharmacum",
            "bor": "yes"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Latin: pharmacum",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Latin: pharmacum"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "title": "Unclear"
      },
      "expansion": "Unclear",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "grk-pro",
        "3": "*pʰármakon"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *pʰármakon",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmy",
        "2": "𐀞𐀔𐀒",
        "ts": "pʰármakon"
      },
      "expansion": "Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀔𐀒 (pa-ma-ko /⁠pʰármakon⁠/)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "qsb-grc"
      },
      "expansion": "Pre-Greek",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "φαρ-"
      },
      "expansion": "φαρ-",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰerH-",
        "t": "to cut, pierce, scrape"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to cut, pierce, scrape”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*burōną",
        "t": "to drill"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *burōną (“to drill”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "feriō",
        "t": "hit, cut, slay, strike"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin feriō (“hit, cut, slay, strike”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "burt",
        "t": "to carve (marks, on a tree), to conjure magic"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian burt (“to carve (marks, on a tree), to conjure magic”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Unclear etymology, but most likely derived from Proto-Hellenic *pʰármakon. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀔𐀒 (pa-ma-ko /⁠pʰármakon⁠/).\nBased on α/ο and μ/β variations found in the likely-related φόρβαντα (phórbanta, “doctor's medicine”), as well as the rather strange structure of the word, R. S. P. Beekes proposes Pre-Greek origin. Foreign origin is also supported by Chantraine, Furnee, and Schwyzer.\nAn older theory by Pokorny (1959) connects the word to the Greek root φαρ-, supposedly also found in φάρος (pháros, “plough”) and φάρυγξ (phárunx, “throat”), from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to cut, pierce, scrape”), i.e. a medicinal herb or root as something cut off or dug up, and compares Proto-Germanic *burōną (“to drill”) (which he takes as the result of a conflation with *bazją (“berry”)) and Latin feriō (“hit, cut, slay, strike”). Compare also Latvian burt (“to carve (marks, on a tree), to conjure magic”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "φάρμᾰκον",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "phármakon",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "φαρμᾰ́κου",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Attic declension-2",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "grc-decl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Second declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὸ φάρμᾰκον",
      "roman": "tò phármakon",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ φαρμᾰ́κω",
      "roman": "tṑ pharmákō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τᾰ̀ φάρμᾰκᾰ",
      "roman": "tà phármaka",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῦ φαρμᾰ́κου",
      "roman": "toû pharmákou",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν φαρμᾰ́κοιν",
      "roman": "toîn pharmákoin",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῶν φαρμᾰ́κων",
      "roman": "tôn pharmákōn",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῷ φαρμᾰ́κῳ",
      "roman": "tôi pharmákōi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν φαρμᾰ́κοιν",
      "roman": "toîn pharmákoin",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖς φαρμᾰ́κοις",
      "roman": "toîs pharmákois",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὸ φάρμᾰκον",
      "roman": "tò phármakon",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ φαρμᾰ́κω",
      "roman": "tṑ pharmákō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τᾰ̀ φάρμᾰκᾰ",
      "roman": "tà phármaka",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "φάρμᾰκον",
      "roman": "phármakon",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "φαρμᾰ́κω",
      "roman": "pharmákō",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "φάρμᾰκᾰ",
      "roman": "phármaka",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "φαρμᾰ́κου",
        "2": "n",
        "3": "second",
        "head": "φάρμᾰκον"
      },
      "expansion": "φάρμᾰκον • (phármakon) n (genitive φαρμᾰ́κου); second declension",
      "name": "grc-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "φάρμᾰκον",
        "2": "ου"
      },
      "name": "grc-decl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Ancient Greek",
  "lang_code": "grc",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A drug, whether healing or noxious"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "drug",
          "drug"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "but for the soul's illnesses and sufferings, the only remedy is philosophy. (@perseus.tuftus.edu)",
          "ref": "46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia",
          "roman": "tôn dè tês psukhês arrhōstēmátōn kaì pathôn hē philosophía mónē phármakón esti.",
          "text": "τῶν δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρρωστημάτων καὶ παθῶν ἡ φιλοσοφία μόνη φάρμακόν ἐστι."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A healing drug, medicine, remedy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A potion, charm, spell"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A deadly drug, poison"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A dye, color"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/pʰár.ma.kon/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɸar.ma.kon/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfar.ma.kon/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/pʰár.ma.kon/",
      "note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈpʰar.ma.kon/",
      "note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɸar.ma.kon/",
      "note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfar.ma.kon/",
      "note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfar.ma.kon/",
      "note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "φάρμακον"
}

Download raw JSONL data for φάρμακον meaning in Ancient Greek (8.1kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.